1288 Kapiolani Blvd. Interstate 3109Urban Honolulu$1,540,000Property Tax (2022): $2,194.5Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.14%Buyer: Hagen Braven and Kathleen Pasaoa SagerSeller: Phuong N. Boyd Trust Dated July 26 2007, Lam T Nguyen and Chau T H Pham
1778 Ala. Moana Blvd. 2120Urban Honolulu$117,400Property Tax (2022): $1,176Effective Property Tax Rate: 1%Buyer: Susan J. Deering and 2013 Susan J. Deering Dated July 22 (living trust)Seller: Association of Apartment Owners of Discovery Bay
411 Hobron Lane 1014Urban Honolulu$495,000Property Tax (2022): $1,602.65Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.32%Buyer: James Kenneth and Christine Leann YatesSeller: Laurie Beth and Mark Ross
1039 Emepela Way S.-15Kaneohe$1,300,000Property Tax (2022): $1,934.8Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.15%Buyer: Kelly Ann Sachiko IshiiSeller: Tadao Nagasaki
2119 Liliha St. 1-A-4Urban Honolulu$4,590,000Property Tax (2022): $5,005.8Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.11%Buyer: Mei Zai Lin and ER Long HeSeller: 2119 Liliha LLC
1053 Hokuikekai St. 16757Ocean Pointe$3,375,000Property Tax (2022): $3,440.15Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.1%Buyer: Ali Akbar Mahmoodi and Roghieh HajisoltaniSeller: Caesar Siddayao and Lori Ann Ines
1001 Kaapeha St. 2Mililani Mauka$565,000Property Tax (2022): $1,629.95Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.29%Buyer: Kalena Keiko Nalani and Staysha Keana Makalani MackSeller: Bernadette T. and James N. Bashford and 2018 James N. Bashford and Bernadette T. Bashford Dated June 4 (revocable living trust)
2057 Waikalani Place 102Waipio Acres$446,000Property Tax (2022): $1,123.5Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.25%Buyer: Norberto Betancourt SanchezSeller: Nicole Jeannette and Ian Scot MacDonald
438 Makalea St. 102Ewa Gentry$1,972,500Property Tax (2022): $2,657.9Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.13%Buyer: Relo Direct Government Services LLCSeller: William Robert and Chrystal Blue Baker
1155 Kakala St. 204Kapolei$1,470,000Property Tax (2022): $2,392.95Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.16%Buyer: Spencer Keith TysonSeller: Miguel Sevilla
1624 Kanunu St. 708Urban Honolulu$1,550,000Property Tax (2022): $1,828.05Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.12%Buyer: Timothy Jeewun GanterSeller: Diego Edward Saavedra and Katherine Andrews Saavedra Garcia
440 Seaside Ave. 602Urban Honolulu$290,300Property Tax (2022): $851.2Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.29%Buyer: Robin Antolin RitumbanSeller: Hans P Allgeier and 2006 Hans P. Allgeier Under an Unrecorded Trust Instrument Dated May 10 (revocable trust)
1020 Hoomaka St. 90Ewa Gentry$1,410,000Effective Property Tax Rate: 0%Buyer: Ricardo Josue and Rhachelle Ann Burgos AguinaldoSeller: Michael Jay and Yaneth Maribel Cochran
1050 Makaikai St. 13-CMililani Mauka$720,000Property Tax (2022): $930.65Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.13%Buyer: Lance Isamu and Sarah Hawkins MorikawaSeller: Erlinda Concepcion and Rolando Villanueva Bueno
1330 Wilder Ave. 123Urban Honolulu$430,000Property Tax (2022): $1,255.1Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.29%Buyer: B Michael Joseph SchlemmerSeller: A. Sharon Ol Pang
600 Queen St. 702Urban Honolulu$1,240,000Property Tax (2022): $2,059.4Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.17%Buyer: Jung Dong KimSeller: Joanne Loke Pating (trust)
223 Saratoga Road 1303Urban Honolulu$6,120,000Property Tax (2022): $7,029.9Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.11%Buyer: Ltd. Prime Group HoldingsSeller: Hiroyuki and Yumiko Sakai
1918 Kealakai St. 16Urban Honolulu$1,950,000Property Tax (2022): $2,102.45Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.11%Buyer: Hargon Allen HollandSeller: Cecilia Mariko Leihalaonaonaopuna and Ernest Kalei Franco Reyes
216 Keana Road 45Kaneohe$3,900,000Property Tax (2022): $3,497.2Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.09%Buyer: Denton A. SatoSeller: Adele K Taba and Dated-October O. 2018 Adele-K. Taba (living trust)
300 Wai Nani Way 920Urban Honolulu$472,500Property Tax (2022): $961.8Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.2%Buyer: Ferdi BusingerSeller: Seung Joanne L. and Young S. Kim Joanne L.
797 Wikao St. B304Mililani Mauka$465,000Property Tax (2022): $1,554Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.33%Buyer: Yash SinhaSeller: Nicholas Theodore Chavez Guerrero
905 Hame Place 19-104Makakilo$510,000Property Tax (2022): $1,261.75Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.25%Buyer: Djamila Sindy BalimaSeller: Kristian Brandon Ortega
2029 Kulihi St. 43Makakilo$3,615,000Effective Property Tax Rate: 0%Buyer: Christopher Allan Kuailani and Tiare Magdalena Camarillo CaycayonSeller: Lance K. Farias Dated February 15 2019 (revocable living trust) and Lance K Farias
201 Ohua Ave. 2303Urban Honolulu$1,500,000Property Tax (2022): $1,792.7Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.12%Buyer: Avery Jin-Wei ChernSeller: Sielke LLC
215 King St. 1802Urban Honolulu$1,260,000Property Tax (2022): $1,834Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.15%Buyer: Ngusa Property Corp.Seller: Klayton Ye Hung, Lezli Kehaulani Yae, Laura York Wah and David Che Yung Lou
216 Kealohi St. 7588Mililani Town$1,258,000Property Tax (2022): $1,488.9Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.12%Buyer: Chantelle Kristine Asuncion and Ed Dabu De LeonSeller: Andrew Robert and Christine Margaret Jaworski
175 Farrington Highway C-421Makaha$262,500Property Tax (2022): $421.75Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.16%Buyer: Michael Peter and Catherine Renee CicakSeller: Wazifa Khanam and Mohammed Hussain
350 Holokuku Place 529Heeia$7,600,000Property Tax (2022): $6,259.75Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.08%Buyer: Pro-Care Transport Inc.Seller: Gregory Haruo Roanne Emi Muronaga and Norma Hirano Abe Roanne Emi Muronaga
50 Farrington Highway 306Makaha$825,000Effective Property Tax Rate: 0%Buyer: Kyohei Asakawa BrewerSeller: Barbara Pascal, The Benjamin Pascal (estate) and Benjamin H. Pascal (estate)
1837 Kalakaua Ave. 2906Urban Honolulu$3,225,000Property Tax (2022): $5,593.05Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.17%Buyer: Kristin Judy and Steven Judy DaxstonSeller: Xiuhua Bian and Xuenan Lt
1066 Hinakea St. 37Ewa Gentry$3,180,000Property Tax (2022): $2,832.2Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.09%Buyer: Randy Alexander Ruatos and Melissa TruongSeller: Charles Nicholas and Chie Maruyama Hankerson
1600 Wilikina Drive B611Wahiawa$295,000Property Tax (2022): $707Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.24%Buyer: Elizabeth Jane HarrisonSeller: Mei Yu Lin
1212 Nuuanu Ave. 3003Urban Honolulu$1,300,000Property Tax (2022): $2,207.1Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.17%Buyer: Viet Lap NguyenSeller: Byron J. San and Carrie Treon San Marco
201 Ohua Ave. 2303Urban Honolulu$1,500,000Property Tax (2022): $1,792.7Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.12%Buyer: Avery Jin-Wei ChernSeller: Sielke LLC
1550 Rycroft St. 212Urban Honolulu$205,000Property Tax (2022): $643.3Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.31%Buyer: Jeremy Edmond ArnoldSeller: Kei and Brent S. Isono
970 Lumiauau St. C-103Waikele$577,000Property Tax (2022): $1,694Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.29%Buyer: Jason Keith and Coralee N. Lontayao and 2016 Lontayao Family Dated August 5 (revocable living trust)Seller: Gail Naomi and Franklin Juan Espiritu
1031 Kaimalie St. 4W4Ocean Pointe$39,200Property Tax (2022): $1,789.55Effective Property Tax Rate: 4.57%Buyer: Alpha Properties LLCSeller: William Jerome Bondanza
1650 Kanunu St. 1406Urban Honolulu$330,900Property Tax (2022): $749Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.23%Buyer: Sheldon Scott Arakaki and Sheryl Kimiye SablanSeller: Kanunu LLC
1232 Palahia St. AA106Makakilo$572,000Property Tax (2022): $1,293.6Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.23%Buyer: Dustin Walter and Tuyen Thi Kim OpalachSeller: Alec Paris Pieretti and Thomas Wayne and Marilyn Ulrich
1660 Hoolaulea St. 7Pearl City$3,150,000Property Tax (2022): $2,956.8Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.09%Buyer: Sarah Eliza and Jonah Aaron DavidSeller: Joseph Ronald Estrada Madamba
1405 Kaahumanu St. 322Pearl City$840,000Property Tax (2022): $1,395.8Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.17%Buyer: General Premier Services LLC and Three Pillars LLCSeller: Judith Kazuko Nitta Dated November 10 2017 (revocable living trust) and Alan Kazuo Nitta
60 Beretania St.Urban Honolulu$1,220,000Property Tax (2022): $1,891.05Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.16%Buyer: Dean Ira MillardSeller: Mark Leonard Hodgson and Paula Faye Adam
994 Farrington Highway 53Waianae$450,000Property Tax (2022): $1,151.15Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.26%Buyer: Sherri-Anne Mew Quon KamakaSeller: Carl Flores and Mila Cabacungan Ramos
1600 Ala. Moana Blvd. 1108Urban Honolulu$840,000Property Tax (2022): $1,730.05Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.21%Buyer: Randall Kit WongSeller: Koki and Seiko Koyama
1359 Hoalii St. 6534Makakilo$5,700,000Property Tax (2022): $4,876.9Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.09%Buyer: Patrick Bean and Amanda Faye NorthupSeller: Andrea Lee Jeter
1074 Lunalilo St. 206Urban Honolulu$535,000Property Tax (2022): $1,669.85Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.31%Buyer: Gerald Ramones and Rowena Nueva AcobaSeller: Debra A. Aramaki, 1994 Koichi Aramaki Under Unrecorded Trust Agreement Dated May 25 (revocable trust) and 1994 Debra A. Aramaki Under Unrecorded Trust Agreement Dated May 25 (revocable trust)
430 Lewers St.Urban Honolulu$862,500Property Tax (2022): $1,722.7Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.2%Buyer: Andrew Ng and Sandra Beth Loy-NgSeller: Clara K. Bushnell Agreement Dated June 24 1982 (revocable living trust) and George Bushnell
362 Ponohale St. YWaimalu$1,900,000Property Tax (2022): $2,940.35Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.15%Buyer: Rolito Bumatay and Perla Garcia FortezSeller: Korchids Ventures LLC
2509 Ala. Wai Blvd. 604Urban Honolulu$270,000Property Tax (2022): $572.6Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.21%Buyer: Lynn Ann and Terry Pandji TisnaSeller: Hexin Fan
927 Pilialo St. 34Urban Honolulu$4,200,000Property Tax (2022): $3,131.1Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.07%Buyer: Skyler Gordon and Kylie Wha Kyung Wager CruzSeller: Sylvianne Kwai Lin Young, Neal Tin Wai and Curtis Tin Sun Wong, Alton T. O. Wong Dated December 3 2012 (revocable living trust) and Wong Family Dated October 26 2005 (revocable living trust)
1330 Wilder Ave. 110Urban Honolulu$398,000Property Tax (2022): $1,199.45Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.3%Buyer: Jennifer Gail RobertsSeller: Trust Agreement Known as the Carol A. T. Yee Dated July 7 1994 (revocable trust)
520 Lunalilo Home Road 8109East Honolulu$3,180,000Property Tax (2022): $2,128.35Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.07%Buyer: Martin 3. F. SheehanSeller: 520 Peninsula LLC
60 Beretania St.Urban Honolulu$1,220,000Property Tax (2022): $1,891.05Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.16%Buyer: Dean Ira MillardSeller: Mark Leonard Hodgson and Paula Faye Adam
362 Ponohale St. YWaimalu$1,900,000Property Tax (2022): $2,940.35Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.15%Buyer: Rolito Bumatay and Perla Garcia FortezSeller: Korchids Ventures LLC
1888 Kalakaua Ave. 1507Urban Honolulu$1,540,000Property Tax (2022): $2,004.8Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.13%Buyer: Brian JardarianSeller: 2023 Kimiko Uchitani Dated January 24 (revocable trust)
2118 Kuhio Ave.Urban Honolulu$315,000Property Tax (2022): $849.45Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.27%Buyer: Donald Andrew and Julie Deann DenmonSeller: Kevin Alan Shields
1778 Ala. Moana Blvd. 2419Urban Honolulu$215,500Property Tax (2022): $1,672.3Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.78%Buyer: Julia S. Tosaky and 1993 Tosaky Family Trust Established Under That Certain Unrecorded Trust Instrument Dated January 1Seller: Association of Apartment Owners of Discovery Bay
1177 Queen St. 3002Urban Honolulu$5,025,000Property Tax (2022): $6,849.9Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.14%Buyer: Michael Carey and Eunice Eun Jung YapSeller: Ann L. Kemp, 2015 Terrence Gregory Kemp Dated August 5 (revocable trust) and 2015 Ann L. Kemp. Dated August 5 (revocable trust)
1778 Ala. Moana Blvd. 2214Urban Honolulu$286,100Property Tax (2022): $2,141.65Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.75%Buyer: Walton R Willis III and Walton R. Willis III Trust Dated October 18 2016Seller: Association of Apartment Owners of Discovery Bay
1203 Kaneana St. 4-HEwa Gentry$697,500Property Tax (2022): $1,047.55Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.15%Buyer: Open House Hawaii Realty & AmpSeller: Natalie and Stanton Scott Kaipo Nacis
249 Hanapouli Circle 20-CEwa Gentry$705,000Property Tax (2022): $1,550.85Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.22%Buyer: Open House Hawaii Realty & AmpSeller: Willie Edward Cordes
229 Paoakalani Ave. 2009Urban Honolulu$1,657,500Property Tax (2022): $1,762.6Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.11%Buyer: Don Muchow Dated April 12 2016 (living trust)Seller: Dong Ik Lee
534 Puamaeole St. 48-DEwa Gentry$530,000Property Tax (2022): $1,240.4Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.23%Buyer: Edwin Martin Uta and Jamelynne Kalakeke Uilani AkimaSeller: Blaine Christopher Tasaka
445 Seaside Ave. 717Urban Honolulu$561,000Property Tax (2022): $2,864.79Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.51%Buyer: LI ZhangSeller: Tao Tao
1020 Kaileonui St. 13261Ocean Pointe$1,870,000Property Tax (2022): $2,659.65Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.14%Buyer: Traci Lynne Copeland-Grzelak and Timothy Andrew GrzelakSeller: Daquan Cornelius Jackson
60 Beretania St. 704Urban Honolulu$388,000Property Tax (2022): $869.75Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.22%Buyer: Karlen Kainoa Ross and Corinne Justice CarsonSeller: Susan Alice Bender Dated September 27 1996 (revocable living trust)
500 University Ave. 1407Urban Honolulu$1,675,000Property Tax (2022): $1,557.85Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.09%Buyer: Albert Calip Beliso and Nancy Yukiko EvangelistaSeller: Alex Woodrow and Elizabeth Marie Gauthier
1069 Emepela Way 3-RKaneohe$560,000Property Tax (2022): $1,829.8Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.33%Buyer: Keith Tadashi Nakamatsu and Theresa Ann Dao-NakamatsuSeller: Ltd. Aproud Co.
94 Kuahelani Ave. 3839Mililani Town$1,994,000Property Tax (2022): $2,789.5Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.14%Buyer: Christopher Tomio and Corina Theresa StoutSeller: Christian Heath and Rosemarie Lobos Hicks
726 Lumiauau St. K2Waikele$1,500,000Property Tax (2022): $2,095.8Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.14%Buyer: Rachel Mika Hamamoto Ono and Kallen Takeshi HosakaSeller: Ismael Adam and Marisa Jillian Tabalno
3524 Iwikuamoo St. 603East Kapolei$1,600,000Property Tax (2022): $2,436.35Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.15%Buyer: Jessalyn Lai Quon and Kenneth Christopher LeeSeller: Diamond Shanee Mitchell
500 University Ave. 1405Urban Honolulu$652,500Property Tax (2022): $1,380.4Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.21%Buyer: Gilbert Calip and Victoria Eva BelisoSeller: David Pager
253 Hanapouli Circle 19-BEwa Gentry$520,000Property Tax (2022): $1,550.85Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.3%Buyer: Mina Ardekani VasseySeller: Ama Chika Ike
541 Uhiuala St. 2649Makakilo$3,180,000Property Tax (2022): $2,616.6Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.08%Buyer: Jesse Aaron and Hanh Thi Blanton and 2024 Jesse and Hanh Blanton Family Dated June 4 (living trust)Seller: Dean S. and Norma G. Dameron, 2006 Family Trust Created Under the Jack and Norma G. Dameron Governed By That Certain Unrecorded Instrument Dated April 25 (revocable trust) and Norma G. Dameron & #39
2274 Amokemoke St. 19Pearl City$400,000Property Tax (2022): $2,358.3Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.59%Buyer: Glenn Kiyoshi MatsuoSeller: Lori Setsuko Nishino
2118 Kuhio Ave.Urban Honolulu$315,000Property Tax (2022): $849.45Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.27%Buyer: Donald Andrew and Julie Deann DenmonSeller: Kevin Alan Shields
3006 Pualei Circle 205Urban Honolulu$1,398,000Property Tax (2022): $1,976.8Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.14%Buyer: Chiara LogliSeller: Lindsey Marie Shank
7370 Makaa St. 9East Honolulu$5,100,000Property Tax (2022): $3,918.25Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.08%Buyer: B Jaymeson Forfare DavisSeller: Cheryl-Ann Hoang Shima and Van A
1600 Wilikina Drive A409Wahiawa$277,300Property Tax (2022): $785.05Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.28%Buyer: Rick Fagarang and Kristine Mae Malabed GamateroSeller: Justin Kainoa Taparra and Justin K. Taparra Dated December 1 2022 (revocable trust)
444 Lunalilo Home Road 906East Honolulu$1,712,000Property Tax (2022): $1,686.3Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.1%Buyer: Anthony Jeremiah PeoplesSeller: Virginia and Gary Lee Wallen
229 Paoakalani Ave. 2009Urban Honolulu$1,657,500Property Tax (2022): $1,762.6Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.11%Buyer: Don Muchow Dated April 12 2016 (living trust)Seller: Dong Ik Lee
445 Seaside Ave. 717Urban Honolulu$561,000Property Tax (2022): $2,864.79Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.51%Buyer: LI ZhangSeller: Tao Tao
4140 Keanu St. 71Urban Honolulu$1,322,000Property Tax (2022): $2,054.5Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.16%Buyer: Christopher Allen Kahaku and Jacqueline Elizabeth OfarrellSeller: Christopher Dy Tan and Lisa Hui Tan
134 Kapahulu Ave. 512Urban Honolulu$765,000Property Tax (2022): $1,149.05Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.15%Buyer: Kona Reef Sand and Surf Inc.Seller: Nathan D. Pierce and Donald Leonard Pierce (revocable living trust)
1131 Kumukumu St.East Honolulu$1,498,000Property Tax (2022): $2,271.15Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.15%Buyer: Bruce Kevin and Guang-Yin Feng SwanlandSeller: Arlene Leilani and Donald Lee Napaila Morris
1980 Pakeke St. 89Maili$1,250,000Property Tax (2022): $1,717.8Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.14%Buyer: Rykyr and Andrea HumphreySeller: A3R. and Janna Alohalani Peneku Dennis Paulele Peneku
1371 Kaonohi St. 40Waimalu$4,500,000Property Tax (2022): $4,082.75Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.09%Buyer: Byung Chul and Vanny Heng KimSeller: Rene H. and Lennox K. Nishimura and Those Certain Unrecorded Trust Agreements Known as Lennox K. Nishimura Dated January 25 1990 (revocable living trust)
1634 Nuuanu Ave. 115Urban Honolulu$420,000Property Tax (2022): $1,522.15Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.36%Buyer: Yong Shao Hu and Ainian HuangSeller: Michael H. and Keiko Petz
60 Beretania St. 704Urban Honolulu$388,000Property Tax (2022): $869.75Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.22%Buyer: Karlen Kainoa Ross and Corinne Justice CarsonSeller: Susan Alice Bender Dated September 27 1996 (revocable living trust)
2611 Ala. Wai Blvd. 1505Urban Honolulu$615,000Property Tax (2022): $1,486.1Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.24%Buyer: Lynne Spitzer MaloneSeller: Sharon Wester and Wester Dated September 01 2007 (living trust)
606 Makalea St. 63Ewa Gentry$1,430,000Property Tax (2022): $2,212.35Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.15%Buyer: Holly Alice Marshall and Jason Alan Marshall Jr.Seller: Jamelynne Kalakeke Uilani Akima
1362 Keolu Drive 303Kailua$1,930,000Property Tax (2022): $4,521.15Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.23%Buyer: Justin Christopher Kuenaapukanala and Dana-Lyn Kauikawekiu ChoySeller: Carolyn M Nakamura, 1991 Hisao Nakamura Trust Dated June 7 (residuary trust) and 1991 Alice S. Nakamura Trust Dated June 7
2421 Ala. Wai Blvd. 1805Urban Honolulu$404,400Property Tax (2022): $1,549.8Effective Property Tax Rate: 0.38%Buyer: 2020 David Lee Houlihan Dated July 23 (revocable living trust) and 2020 Mayumi Houlihan Dated July 23 (revocable living trust)Seller: Ltd. Orlando Co.
1984 Farrington Highway 19-CNanakuli$1,500Property Tax (2022): $2,623.25Effective Property Tax Rate: 174.88%Buyer: Myung Sook Kim and Viet Anh NguyenSeller: Kimhuong Thi Quang Ngoc and Viet Anh Nguyen Quang Ngoc and Myung Sook Kim